Miranda Incident

Verified Timeline

Lore & Background

Firefly's journey began in January 2014 with the reveal of the Alpha design and a goal to be cash-flow-positive by 2018. By November 2014, the team had grown to 43 employees and secured 215 acres in Briggs, Texas, for engine testing. Early achievements included purchasing fiber-winding equipment for composite cryotanks and conducting the first hot-fire test of the FRE-R1 engine on September 10, 2015. However, litigation from Virgin Galactic alleging intellectual property theft by Markusic drained investor confidence. An independent arbitrator confirmed in August 2016 that Markusic had destroyed evidence, causing a major European investor to withdraw. The company furloughed its entire staff in October 2016 and permanently ceased engineering work by December 1, 2016.

In Their Own Story

In March 2017, EOS Launcher organized an auction for Firefly's assets after inducing a foreclosure on a $1 million promissory note. Noosphere Ventures bought these assets to form the new Firefly Aerospace, with Max Polyakov pledging full funding through at least two launches. The new management significantly altered engine development plans, replacing the aerospike configuration with a pump-fed design and delaying the first launch to 2019. On May 17, 2018, an R&D center opened in Dnipro, Ukraine, equipped with the country's largest 3D printer for metal parts. By November 2018, NASA selected Firefly as a bidder for Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS). In February 2019, the company leased Space Launch Complex 20 at Cape Canaveral and secured a similar lease on the US West Coast.

Reader's Guide

Firefly achieved its first test flight on September 3, 2021, but an anomaly during ascent triggered the Flight Termination System. In February 2021, NASA awarded Firefly $93.3 million for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery technologies. The company completed a $75 million Series A round in May 2021 led by DADA Holdings. Geopolitical tensions escalated in late November 2021 when CFIUS demanded Max Polyakov sell his nearly 50% stake for national security reasons; he agreed, selling to AE Industrial Partners on February 24, 2022. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Dnipro factory was bombed, and many engineers fled or joined the army. In August 2022, Northrop Grumman contracted Firefly to build the new Antares first stage using seven Miranda engines producing 7,200 kN of thrust.

Did You Know?

• Firefly's Alpha rocket became the first orbital rocket powered by a tap-off cycle engine during its second test flight on October 1, 2022.
• The company set a record for the fastest national security mission-responsive launch in September 2023, launching just 27 hours after receiving notice.
• Firefly secured a $176.7 million NASA CLPS contract in July 2025 for a south-pole lunar mission planned for 2029 using the Blue Ghost lander.
• The new Antares first stage contracted to Firefly features seven Miranda engines producing 7,200 kN of thrust, substantially greater than the previous version.